Researchers at Portland State University and Georgia Institute of Technology have conducted a comprehensive comparative life-cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis of eight state-of-the-art recycling routes for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), highlighting pathways that could enable sustainable, large-scale deployment of this rapidly advancing photovoltaic technology. Perovskite solar cells' reliance on lead-based absorbers (e.g., PbI 2 ), solvent-intensive fabrication (DMF, DMSO, chlorobenzene)